Women’s Suffrage: 100 Years in Retrospect
By Anna Hessel
A Century and Counting
Our nation just celebrated the 100th anniversary of the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution which gave women the universal right to vote. “You’ve come a long way, baby…” but we have an even longer way to go. The women’s suffrage movement was a decades-long fight, giving females their voting rights, but the battle for equality is far from over.
The Fight Heats Up
In 1875, women’s suffrage had reached a monumental mark when Mrs. Virginia Minor filed suit against the State of Missouri for her constitutional right to vote in the presidential election. The case wound up in the Supreme Court. Unanimously, the justices claimed the privilege to vote was not a fundamental right of United States citizenship, and further asserted the denial of her voting rights was not protected by the 14th Amendment.
Coming Together for the Common Good
Before 1890, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), specifically worked toward securing a woman’s right to vote by a federal Constitutional amendment. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) had their focus on the passage of women’s voting rights legislation on a state-by-state-basis. That year they joined forces, becoming the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Strategical arguments had threatened to derail progress towards the goal on more than one occasion.
The Twenties Roar Right Out of the Starting Block
The 1920 ratification brought enormous changes for ladies in that decade. These “Thoroughly Modern Millie’s” were scandalous, bobbing their hair, tying their pearls in a knot, painting their faces, and raising their hemlines. Men found themselves in a quandary, as these new-fangled females were standing strong as empowered women. As the musical “Thoroughly Modern Millie” put it about the watershed change of the time:
There are those
I suppose
Think we’re mad
Heaven knows
The world has gone
To rack and to ruin
What we think is chic, unique and quite adorable
They think is odd and Sodom and Gomorrah-ble
But the fact is
Everything today is thoroughly modern
Check your personality
Everything today makes yesterday slow
Better face reality
It’s not insanity
Says Vanity Fair
In fact, it’s stylish
To raise your skirts and bob your hair
In a rumble seat, the world is so cozy
If the boy is kissable
And that tango dance they wouldn’t allow
Now is quite permissible
Goodbye, good, goody girl
I’m changing and how
So beat the drums ’cause here comes
Thoroughly modern Millie now!
Everything today is thoroughly modern
Bands are getting jazzier
Everything today is starting to go
Cars are getting snazzier
Men say it’s criminal what women’ll do
What they’re forgetting is, this is 1922
Have you seen the way they kiss in the movies
Isn’t it delectable?
Painting lips and pencil-lining your brow
Now is quite respectable
Goodbye, good, goody girl
I’m changing and how
So beat the drums, ’cause here comes
Thoroughly modern Millie now!
Inspired by a 1967 Musical About 1922
I remember singing and dancing to that song at the age of 15 – it was the opening number for my modeling school’s graduation. I was completely inspired by those lyrics, and I was armed with my Great Lash Mascara, Bonnie Bell Jumbo Lip Smacker in the very grown-up flavor of watermelon, Aqua Net big hair, and brand new platform sandals. Just like those teenage girls getting their first experience with cosmetics when Bonnie Bell rolled out their skin care line in 1927, I was ready for these new, “all the rage” conveniences.
Equality is Coming…
I stood on street corners with NOW (National Organization for Women), asking people to, “go to bat for girls in sports”. And, of course, doing everything I could to see the ERA ratified. After all, I was almost 16; surely by the time I finished my education and joined the workforce, equal rights and equal pay would be a given. My enthusiastic, “Young Miss” brain was mistaken – the fight continues on.
Give ‘Em an Inch…
The 19th Amendment changed women’s lives in many ways, moving closer to equal rights in many aspects of life in the United States of America. Ladies were now advocating for education, birth control, sex education, equal wages, job opportunities, and the like. Another baby of the 1920’s, the original ERA was written in 1921 by fellow activist attorneys and feminists Alice Paul and Crystal Catherine Eastman. Ms. Paul held three law degrees and had been an instrumental leader of the women’s suffrage movement. Ms. Eastman, of Erie, PA, was a socialist, anti-militarist, journalist, and lawyer, educated at Vassar, Columbia, and NYU.
Persistence Pays Off, Sort Of…
The original phrasing read, “No political, civil, or legal disabilities or inequalities on account of sex or on account of marriage, unless applying equally to both sexes, shall exist within the United States or any territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof.” The amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1923, and in some form had been resubmitted in every subsequent session for almost fifty years, until it’s passage in 1972.
Still Trying
Virginia was the 38th state to ratify the ERA since it was proposed in 1972. That ratification pushed the ERA across the threshold, however, the original deadline had run out in March of 1979. But President Jimmy Carter signed into law an extension passed by Congress, granting additional time for the ERA to be ratified until June 1982. Prior to this, though, five states had “rescinded” their ratifications, the legality of which still remains unresolved. Many hurdles still remain in the amendment’s path. It received bipartisan support with recent ratifications by Illinois in 2018 and Nevada just the year before, but these occurred after the inactivity of four decades. Whether the amendment protecting the equal rights of women will actually be added to our Constitution remains yet to be seen.
Still Fighting
In the words of the immortal Shirley Chisholm, “You don’t make progress by standing on the sidelines, whimpering and complaining. You make progress by implementing ideas.” “I want history to remember me…not as the first black woman to have made a bid for the Presidency of the United States, but as a black woman who lived in the 20th century and who dared to be herself. I want to be remembered as a catalyst for change in America.” “At present, our country needs women’s idealism and determination, perhaps more in politics than anywhere else.”
“Why shouldn’t I run for president?”
“I have certainly met much more discrimination in terms of being a woman than being black, in the field of politics.” “I ran for the presidency, despite hopeless odds, to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo.” Those of us that watched the Democratic National Convention will recall with pride a video clip of Ms. Chisholm exclaiming, “Why shouldn’t I run for president?”
Progress is Made but Higher Goals Await
Many women now serve as elected officials, holding public office, but none has yet to break the ultimate glass ceiling of our nation. Hilary Clinton came very close, winning the popular vote against Donald Trump in the 2016 election, but lost by electoral votes. Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Kamala Harris may just be the break we need to shatter the enormous barrier. Marginalized minorities – Native Americans, Hispanics, African-Americans, and Asian women – still fall through the cracks.
Somethings Never Change
Outlandish arguments against the women’s suffrage movement are still in effect today, still being used against women’s rights. For example, many men feared women voters might disrupt harmonious family relations, distracting away from family values and the institution of marriage, with the possible consequence of divorce. Why women even may go to the extremes of wearing pants, cowboy boots, and neckties.
In Their Own Words
Both the 19th Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment are succinct and simplistic in their directness: Amendment XIX: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”
Equal Rights Amendment: “Section 1: Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Section 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3: This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.”
The Vice Squad’s First Member, Almost
We as women voters owe a debt of gratitude to these sash-wearing, determined ladies of yesteryear, and those that followed in their stead. Geraldine “Gerry” Anne Ferraro, the first woman to be nominated as a vice-presidential candidate by a major political party, quipped, “Vice president-it has such a nice ring to it!” She faced much opposition, saying, ”The polls indicated that I was feisty, that I was tough, that I had a sense of humor, but they weren’t quite sure if they liked me, and they didn’t know whether or not I was sensitive. I readily admit I was not an expert on foreign policy, but I was knowledgeable, and I didn’t need a man who was the Vice-President of the United States and my opponent turning around and putting me down.” Ms. Ferraro, who’s desk drawer was filled with all kinds of prayers, humbly revered her place in history.
Dare to Dream
Author, feminist, and journalist extrordinaire Gloria Steinem reminds us, “Without leaps of imagination or dreaming, we lose the excitement of possibilities. Dreaming, after all, is a form of planning.” Vocalist Helen Reddy recorded an anthem for empowered women everywhere:
I am woman, hear me roar
In numbers too big to ignore
And I know too much to go back an’ pretend
‘Cause I’ve heard it all before
You can bend but never break me
‘Cause it only serves to make me
More determined to achieve my final goal
And I come back even stronger
Not a novice any longer
‘Cause you’ve deepened the conviction in my soul
I am woman watch me grow
See me standing toe to toe
As I spread my lovin’ arms across the land
But I’m still an embryo
With a long, long way to go
Until I make my brother understand
Oh yes, I am wise
But it’s wisdom born of pain
Yes, I’ve paid the price
But look how much I gained
If I have to, I can face anything
I am strong
(Strong)
I am invincible
(Invincible)
I am woman
Take a Stand, Make a Plan…to Vote
For the women who planned and marched, setting the bar high for those of us that followed a century into the future, I will honor your suffrage and legacy. With a blue vote to elect Joe Biden and Kamala Harris, I will take my stand for equality, so that the next chapter in our history may be written with dignity and relevance. Women will decide this election; let us pave the way for our first female Vice-President of the United States. Ladies, “this is our moment. This is our mission.” (Joe Biden)
